第十五章 道德经 · Dào Dé Jīng
古之善为士者微妙玄通;保此道者不欲盈。
原文
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古之善为士者,微妙玄通,深不可识。
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夫唯不可识,故强为之容。
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豫焉若冬涉川,
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犹兮若畏四邻,
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俨兮其若容,
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涣兮若冰之将释,
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敦兮其若朴,
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旷兮其若谷,混兮其若浊。
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孰能浊以静之徐清?
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孰能安以久动之徐生?
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保此道者不欲盈,
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夫唯不盈,故能蔽不新成。
本章字词
| 字词 | 拼音 | 释义 |
|---|---|---|
| 古 | gǔ | 古代 |
| 之 | zhī | 的 |
| 善 | shàn | 善于,擅长 |
| 为 | wéi | 是;作为;成为 |
| 士 | shì | 士人 |
| 者 | zhě | ……的人;……的原因 |
| 微 | wēi | 精微 |
| 妙 | miào | 奥妙,精微 |
| 玄 | xuán | 幽深玄妙 |
| 通 | tōng | 通达 |
| 深 | shēn | 深 |
| 不 | bù | 不 |
| 可 | kě | 可以 |
| 识 | shí | 认识 |
| 夫唯 | fú wéi | 正因为 |
| 故 | gù | 所以,因此 |
| 强 | qiǎng | 勉强 |
| 为 | wéi | 做,作为 |
| 之 | zhī | 它;他们(作宾语) |
| 容 | róng | 形容,仪态 |
| 豫 | yù | 犹豫,迟疑 |
| 焉 | yān | 形容词词尾,相当于“然” |
| 若 | ruò | 像,好像 |
| 冬 | dōng | 冬天 |
| 涉 | shè | 徒步过河 |
| 川 | chuān | 河流 |
| 犹 | yóu | 犹疑,谨慎 |
| 兮 | xī | 语气词,相当于“啊” |
| 畏 | wèi | 畏惧 |
| 四 | sì | 四方 |
| 邻 | lín | 邻国,邻人 |
| 俨 | yǎn | 庄重 |
| 其 | qí | 它;他(作主语) |
| 涣 | huàn | 涣散,消融 |
| 冰 | bīng | 冰 |
| 之 | zhī | 用于主谓之间,使其成为名词性短语 |
| 将 | jiāng | 将要 |
| 释 | shì | 消融 |
| 敦 | dūn | 敦厚,质朴 |
| 朴 | pǔ | 未经雕琢的木头,喻质朴本真 |
| 旷 | kuàng | 空旷,开阔 |
| 谷 | gǔ | 山谷 |
| 混 | hùn | 混合;浑然 |
| 浊 | zhuó | 浑浊 |
| 孰 | shú | 谁,哪个 |
| 能 | néng | 能够 |
| 以 | yǐ | 用,凭借 |
| 静 | jìng | 安静,静定 |
| 徐 | xú | 慢慢地 |
| 清 | qīng | 清澈 |
| 安 | ān | 安定 |
| 久 | jiǔ | 长久 |
| 动 | dòng | 运动 |
| 生 | shēng | 产生,生成 |
| 保 | bǎo | 保持 |
| 此 | cǐ | 这,这些 |
| 道 | dào | 宇宙万物的本原与规律 |
| 欲 | yù | 欲望;想要 |
| 盈 | yíng | 满,充满 |
| 蔽 | bì | 保持破旧,通“敝” |
| 新 | xīn | 新 |
| 成 | chéng | 完成,成就 |
英译对照:理雅各(1891)
The skilful masters (of the Tao) in old times, with a subtle and exquisite penetration, comprehended its mysteries, and were deep (also) so as to elude men's knowledge. As they were thus beyond men's knowledge, I will make an effort to describe of what sort they appeared to be.
Shrinking looked they like those who wade through a stream in winter; irresolute like those who are afraid of all around them; grave like a guest (in awe of his host); evanescent like ice that is melting away; unpretentious like wood that has not been fashioned into anything; vacant like a valley, and dull like muddy water.
Who can (make) the muddy water (clear)? Let it be still, and it will gradually become clear. Who can secure the condition of rest? Let movement go on, and the condition of rest will gradually arise.
They who preserve this method of the Tao do not wish to be full (of themselves). It is through their not being full of themselves that they can afford to seem worn and not appear new and complete.
公有领域。来源:Wikisource。
第十五章解读
第十五章描绘古时善于行道的人。他们深不可测,所以只能勉强形容他们的样子。接着是七个比喻:小心谨慎,好像冬天涉水过河;警觉戒备,好像畏惧四周的邻国;端庄严肃,好像做客;舒展消散,好像冰将要融化;敦厚质朴,好像未经雕琢的“朴”;空旷开阔,好像山谷;浑然不清,好像浊水。
随后是两个问句:谁能使浊水静下来,慢慢变清?谁能使安定的东西动起来,慢慢产生生机?本章最后说,保持此道的人不求盈满;正因为不盈满,所以能够守着旧的,而不必求新。
本章有几个字说法不一。第一句王弼本作“士”,帛书本作“道”,本站按善于行道的人来理解。第五句王弼本作“容”,许多版本作“客”。末句的“蔽”读作“敝”,即破旧。“朴”的意象又见于第十九章和第二十八章。