第二章 道德经 · Dào Dé Jīng

美丑、善恶、有无相生相成;圣人处无为之事,行不言之教。

原文

  1. 天tiān下xià皆jiē知zhī美měi之zhī为wéi美měi,斯sī恶è已yǐ,

  2. 皆jiē知zhī善shàn之zhī为wéi善shàn,斯sī不bù善shàn已yǐ。

  3. 故gù有yǒu无wú相xiāng生shēng,难nán易yì相xiāng成chéng,

  4. 长cháng短duǎn相xiāng较jiào,高gāo下xià相xiāng倾qīng,

  5. 音yīn声shēng相xiāng和hè,前qián后hòu相xiāng随suí。

  6. 是shì以yǐ圣shèng人rén处chǔ无wú为wéi之zhī事shì,

  7. 行xíng不bù言yán之zhī教jiào,万wàn物wù作zuò焉yān而ér不bù辞cí,

  8. 生shēng而ér不bù有yǒu,为wéi而ér不bù恃shì,

  9. 功gōng成chéng而ér弗fú居jū。夫fú唯wéi弗fú居jū,

  10. 是shì以yǐ不bù去qù。

本章字词
第二章字词及其拼音与释义
字词拼音释义
天下tiān xià天底下,指世间、众人
皆jiē都
知zhī知道
美měi美,美好
之zhī用于主谓之间,使其成为名词性短语
为wéi是;作为;成为
斯sī这就,于是
恶è丑
已yǐ句末语气词,同“矣”
善shàn好,善
不bù不
故gù所以,因此
有yǒu存在,实有
无wú虚无,不存在
相xiāng互相
生shēng产生,生成
难nán困难
易yì容易
成chéng完成,成就
长cháng长,长久
短duǎn短
较jiào比较,显出差别
高gāo高
下xià低,下面
倾qīng倾向,依靠
音yīn乐音
声shēng声响
和hè应和
前qián前面
后hòu后面
随suí跟随
是以shì yǐ因此
圣人shèng rén体道而行的理想之人
处chǔ居处,处于
无为wú wéi顺其自然,不妄作为
之zhī的
事shì事情,事务
行xíng施行,实行
言yán言语,说话
教jiào教化;教导
万物wàn wù世间一切事物
作zuò兴起,生长
焉yān于此,在其中
而ér却,然而
辞cí推辞;言说
有yǒu有,占有
为wéi做,作为
恃shì依仗,自恃
功gōng功业
弗fú不
居jū居处;居功
夫唯fú wéi正因为
去qù离开
英译对照:理雅各(1891)

All in the world know the beauty of the beautiful, and in doing this they have (the idea of) what ugliness is; they all know the skill of the skilful, and in doing this they have (the idea of) what the want of skill is.

So it is that existence and non-existence give birth the one to (the idea of) the other; that difficulty and ease produce the one (the idea of) the other; that length and shortness fashion out the one the figure of the other; that (the ideas of) height and lowness arise from the contrast of the one with the other; that the musical notes and tones become harmonious through the relation of one with another; and that being before and behind give the idea of one following another.

Therefore the sage manages affairs without doing anything, and conveys his instructions without the use of speech.

All things spring up, and there is not one which declines to show itself; they grow, and there is no claim made for their ownership; they go through their processes, and there is no expectation (of a reward for the results). The work is accomplished, and there is no resting in it (as an achievement).

The work is done, but how no one can see;
'Tis this that makes the power not cease to be.

公有领域。来源:Wikisource。

第二章解读

第二章从人们如何命名说起:天下人都把美当作美,丑就已经出现了;善与不善也是如此。任何一种性质,都要靠它的对立面才能被认识。本章接着列出六组对立:有无、难易、长短、高下、音声、前后,它们相生、相成、相随。

圣人由此得出行事的方式:处无为之事,行不言之教。万物兴起而不推辞,生养而不占有,作为而不自恃,功业完成而不居功。正因为不居功,功也就不会离他而去。

第七句的“不辞”有两种读法:一说不推拒万物,一说不加言说;本站在词语注释中两说并存。结尾几句几乎原样重见于第十章和第五十一章,“有无”这一对概念又见于第十一章。

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