第二章 道德经 · Dào Dé Jīng
美丑、善恶、有无相生相成;圣人处无为之事,行不言之教。
原文
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天下皆知美之为美,斯恶已,
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皆知善之为善,斯不善已。
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故有无相生,难易相成,
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长短相较,高下相倾,
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音声相和,前后相随。
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是以圣人处无为之事,
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行不言之教,万物作焉而不辞,
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生而不有,为而不恃,
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功成而弗居。夫唯弗居,
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是以不去。
本章字词
| 字词 | 拼音 | 释义 |
|---|---|---|
| 天下 | tiān xià | 天底下,指世间、众人 |
| 皆 | jiē | 都 |
| 知 | zhī | 知道 |
| 美 | měi | 美,美好 |
| 之 | zhī | 用于主谓之间,使其成为名词性短语 |
| 为 | wéi | 是;作为;成为 |
| 斯 | sī | 这就,于是 |
| 恶 | è | 丑 |
| 已 | yǐ | 句末语气词,同“矣” |
| 善 | shàn | 好,善 |
| 不 | bù | 不 |
| 故 | gù | 所以,因此 |
| 有 | yǒu | 存在,实有 |
| 无 | wú | 虚无,不存在 |
| 相 | xiāng | 互相 |
| 生 | shēng | 产生,生成 |
| 难 | nán | 困难 |
| 易 | yì | 容易 |
| 成 | chéng | 完成,成就 |
| 长 | cháng | 长,长久 |
| 短 | duǎn | 短 |
| 较 | jiào | 比较,显出差别 |
| 高 | gāo | 高 |
| 下 | xià | 低,下面 |
| 倾 | qīng | 倾向,依靠 |
| 音 | yīn | 乐音 |
| 声 | shēng | 声响 |
| 和 | hè | 应和 |
| 前 | qián | 前面 |
| 后 | hòu | 后面 |
| 随 | suí | 跟随 |
| 是以 | shì yǐ | 因此 |
| 圣人 | shèng rén | 体道而行的理想之人 |
| 处 | chǔ | 居处,处于 |
| 无为 | wú wéi | 顺其自然,不妄作为 |
| 之 | zhī | 的 |
| 事 | shì | 事情,事务 |
| 行 | xíng | 施行,实行 |
| 言 | yán | 言语,说话 |
| 教 | jiào | 教化;教导 |
| 万物 | wàn wù | 世间一切事物 |
| 作 | zuò | 兴起,生长 |
| 焉 | yān | 于此,在其中 |
| 而 | ér | 却,然而 |
| 辞 | cí | 推辞;言说 |
| 有 | yǒu | 有,占有 |
| 为 | wéi | 做,作为 |
| 恃 | shì | 依仗,自恃 |
| 功 | gōng | 功业 |
| 弗 | fú | 不 |
| 居 | jū | 居处;居功 |
| 夫唯 | fú wéi | 正因为 |
| 去 | qù | 离开 |
英译对照:理雅各(1891)
All in the world know the beauty of the beautiful, and in doing this they have (the idea of) what ugliness is; they all know the skill of the skilful, and in doing this they have (the idea of) what the want of skill is.
So it is that existence and non-existence give birth the one to (the idea of) the other; that difficulty and ease produce the one (the idea of) the other; that length and shortness fashion out the one the figure of the other; that (the ideas of) height and lowness arise from the contrast of the one with the other; that the musical notes and tones become harmonious through the relation of one with another; and that being before and behind give the idea of one following another.
Therefore the sage manages affairs without doing anything, and conveys his instructions without the use of speech.
All things spring up, and there is not one which declines to show itself; they grow, and there is no claim made for their ownership; they go through their processes, and there is no expectation (of a reward for the results). The work is accomplished, and there is no resting in it (as an achievement).
The work is done, but how no one can see;
'Tis this that makes the power not cease to be.
公有领域。来源:Wikisource。
第二章解读
第二章从人们如何命名说起:天下人都把美当作美,丑就已经出现了;善与不善也是如此。任何一种性质,都要靠它的对立面才能被认识。本章接着列出六组对立:有无、难易、长短、高下、音声、前后,它们相生、相成、相随。
圣人由此得出行事的方式:处无为之事,行不言之教。万物兴起而不推辞,生养而不占有,作为而不自恃,功业完成而不居功。正因为不居功,功也就不会离他而去。
第七句的“不辞”有两种读法:一说不推拒万物,一说不加言说;本站在词语注释中两说并存。结尾几句几乎原样重见于第十章和第五十一章,“有无”这一对概念又见于第十一章。