第十六章 道德经 · Dào Dé Jīng

致虚守静,观万物归根复命;知常曰明。

原文

  1. 致zhì虚xū极jí,守shǒu静jìng笃dǔ,

  2. 万wàn物wù并bìng作zuò,吾wú以yǐ观guān复fù。

  3. 夫fú物wù芸yún芸yún,各gè复fù归guī其qí根gēn。

  4. 归guī根gēn曰yuē静jìng,是shì谓wèi复fù命mìng。

  5. 复fù命mìng曰yuē常cháng,知zhī常cháng曰yuē明míng,

  6. 不bù知zhī常cháng,妄wàng作zuò,凶xiōng。

  7. 知zhī常cháng容róng,容róng乃nǎi公gōng,

  8. 公gōng乃nǎi王wáng,王wáng乃nǎi天tiān,

  9. 天tiān乃nǎi道dào,道dào乃nǎi久jiǔ,

  10. 没mò身shēn不bù殆dài。

本章字词
第十六章字词及其拼音与释义
字词拼音释义
致zhì达到
虚xū空虚;使……空虚
极jí极点
守shǒu持守,守护
静jìng安静,静定
笃dǔ笃实,坚守
万物wàn wù世间一切事物
并bìng一起,同时
作zuò兴起,生长
吾wú我
以yǐ用来;以便
观guān观察
复fù返回;使……复归
夫fú发语词
物wù事物
芸芸yún yún众多纷杂
各gè各自
复归fù guī回归
其qí他的;它的;他们的
根gēn根本,根源
归guī回归,归属
曰yuē叫做,称为
是shì这
谓wèi称为,叫做
复命fù mìng回复本性
常cháng恒常不变
知zhī知道
明míng明智,明白
不bù不
妄wàng胡乱,轻妄
作zuò作为,妄动
凶xiōng凶险
容róng包容
乃nǎi就是,于是
公gōng公正无私
王wáng王,王者
天tiān天,自然
道dào宇宙万物的本原与规律
久jiǔ长久
没mò终了
身shēn自身
殆dài危险
英译对照:理雅各(1891)

The (state of) vacancy should be brought to the utmost degree, and that of stillness guarded with unwearying vigour. All things alike go through their processes of activity, and (then) we see them return (to their original state). When things (in the vegetable world) have displayed their luxuriant growth, we see each of them return to its root. This returning to their root is what we call the state of stillness; and that stillness may be called a reporting that they have fulfilled their appointed end.

The report of that fulfilment is the regular, unchanging rule. To know that unchanging rule is to be intelligent; not to know it leads to wild movements and evil issues. The knowledge of that unchanging rule produces a (grand) capacity and forbearance, and that capacity and forbearance lead to a community (of feeling with all things). From this community of feeling comes a kingliness of character; and he who is king-like goes on to be heaven-like. In that likeness to heaven he possesses the Tao. Possessed of the Tao, he endures long; and to the end of his bodily life, is exempt from all danger of decay.

公有领域。来源:Wikisource。

第十六章解读

第十六章讲“复”,即回归。开头是一种功夫:达到虚的极点,切实守住静。接着说由此所见:万物一同生长,我从中观察它们的回归。万物纷繁众多,各自回到自己的根。

本章随后一环扣一环地推下去:回到根叫作静,静叫作“复命”,即回到本性;复命叫作常,认识“常”叫作明。不认识常,就会轻举妄动,招来凶险。认识常,就能包容;包容,就能公正;公正,就能为王;为王,就合于天;合于天,就合于道;道能长久,所以终身没有危险。

“复命”在这里不是今天“汇报”的意思。本站诵读的“公乃王”,王弼本作“公乃全”,王弼注“无所不周普”也与“全”相合;帛书本和河上公本作“王”,本站从之。回归是第四十章所说的道的运动,“知常曰明”又见于第五十五章。

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