第十六章 道德经 · Dào Dé Jīng
致虚守静,观万物归根复命;知常曰明。
原文
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致虚极,守静笃,
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万物并作,吾以观复。
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夫物芸芸,各复归其根。
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归根曰静,是谓复命。
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复命曰常,知常曰明,
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不知常,妄作,凶。
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知常容,容乃公,
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公乃王,王乃天,
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天乃道,道乃久,
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没身不殆。
本章字词
| 字词 | 拼音 | 释义 |
|---|---|---|
| 致 | zhì | 达到 |
| 虚 | xū | 空虚;使……空虚 |
| 极 | jí | 极点 |
| 守 | shǒu | 持守,守护 |
| 静 | jìng | 安静,静定 |
| 笃 | dǔ | 笃实,坚守 |
| 万物 | wàn wù | 世间一切事物 |
| 并 | bìng | 一起,同时 |
| 作 | zuò | 兴起,生长 |
| 吾 | wú | 我 |
| 以 | yǐ | 用来;以便 |
| 观 | guān | 观察 |
| 复 | fù | 返回;使……复归 |
| 夫 | fú | 发语词 |
| 物 | wù | 事物 |
| 芸芸 | yún yún | 众多纷杂 |
| 各 | gè | 各自 |
| 复归 | fù guī | 回归 |
| 其 | qí | 他的;它的;他们的 |
| 根 | gēn | 根本,根源 |
| 归 | guī | 回归,归属 |
| 曰 | yuē | 叫做,称为 |
| 是 | shì | 这 |
| 谓 | wèi | 称为,叫做 |
| 复命 | fù mìng | 回复本性 |
| 常 | cháng | 恒常不变 |
| 知 | zhī | 知道 |
| 明 | míng | 明智,明白 |
| 不 | bù | 不 |
| 妄 | wàng | 胡乱,轻妄 |
| 作 | zuò | 作为,妄动 |
| 凶 | xiōng | 凶险 |
| 容 | róng | 包容 |
| 乃 | nǎi | 就是,于是 |
| 公 | gōng | 公正无私 |
| 王 | wáng | 王,王者 |
| 天 | tiān | 天,自然 |
| 道 | dào | 宇宙万物的本原与规律 |
| 久 | jiǔ | 长久 |
| 没 | mò | 终了 |
| 身 | shēn | 自身 |
| 殆 | dài | 危险 |
英译对照:理雅各(1891)
The (state of) vacancy should be brought to the utmost degree, and that of stillness guarded with unwearying vigour. All things alike go through their processes of activity, and (then) we see them return (to their original state). When things (in the vegetable world) have displayed their luxuriant growth, we see each of them return to its root. This returning to their root is what we call the state of stillness; and that stillness may be called a reporting that they have fulfilled their appointed end.
The report of that fulfilment is the regular, unchanging rule. To know that unchanging rule is to be intelligent; not to know it leads to wild movements and evil issues. The knowledge of that unchanging rule produces a (grand) capacity and forbearance, and that capacity and forbearance lead to a community (of feeling with all things). From this community of feeling comes a kingliness of character; and he who is king-like goes on to be heaven-like. In that likeness to heaven he possesses the Tao. Possessed of the Tao, he endures long; and to the end of his bodily life, is exempt from all danger of decay.
公有领域。来源:Wikisource。
第十六章解读
第十六章讲“复”,即回归。开头是一种功夫:达到虚的极点,切实守住静。接着说由此所见:万物一同生长,我从中观察它们的回归。万物纷繁众多,各自回到自己的根。
本章随后一环扣一环地推下去:回到根叫作静,静叫作“复命”,即回到本性;复命叫作常,认识“常”叫作明。不认识常,就会轻举妄动,招来凶险。认识常,就能包容;包容,就能公正;公正,就能为王;为王,就合于天;合于天,就合于道;道能长久,所以终身没有危险。
“复命”在这里不是今天“汇报”的意思。本站诵读的“公乃王”,王弼本作“公乃全”,王弼注“无所不周普”也与“全”相合;帛书本和河上公本作“王”,本站从之。回归是第四十章所说的道的运动,“知常曰明”又见于第五十五章。