第十章 道德经 · Dào Dé Jīng
抱一、专气、涤除玄览;生而不有,为而不恃,长而不宰,是谓玄德。
原文
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载营魄抱一,
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能无离乎?
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专气致柔,
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能婴儿乎?
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涤除玄览,
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能无疵乎?
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爱民治国,
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能无知乎?
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天门开阖,
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能无雌乎?
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明白四达,
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能无为乎?
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生之、畜之,
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生而不有,
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为而不恃,
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长而不宰,
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是谓玄德。
本章字词
| 字词 | 拼音 | 释义 |
|---|---|---|
| 载 | zài | 承载;保持 |
| 营魄 | yíng pò | 魂魄,指精神与形体 |
| 抱 | bào | 抱持 |
| 一 | yī | 道的整全,浑然为一 |
| 能 | néng | 能够 |
| 无 | wú | 没有 |
| 离 | lí | 分离 |
| 乎 | hū | 句末疑问语气词,相当于“吗” |
| 专 | zhuān | 专一,集中 |
| 气 | qì | 精气,呼吸之气 |
| 致 | zhì | 达到 |
| 柔 | róu | 柔和 |
| 婴儿 | yīng ér | 初生的孩子 |
| 涤除 | dí chú | 洗去,清除 |
| 玄 | xuán | 幽深玄妙 |
| 览 | lǎn | 观照;通“鉴” |
| 疵 | cī | 瑕疵 |
| 爱 | ài | 爱护 |
| 民 | mín | 百姓,人民 |
| 治 | zhì | 治理;安定有序 |
| 国 | guó | 国家 |
| 无知 | wú zhī | 没有机巧之知 |
| 天门 | tiān mén | 自然的门户,生化之门 |
| 开 | kāi | 开启 |
| 阖 | hé | 关闭 |
| 雌 | cí | 雌柔,安静柔顺 |
| 明白 | míng bái | 明亮通达 |
| 四 | sì | 四方 |
| 达 | dá | 通达 |
| 无为 | wú wéi | 顺其自然,不妄作为 |
| 生 | shēng | 产生,生成 |
| 之 | zhī | 它;他们(作宾语) |
| 畜 | xù | 畜养,养育 |
| 而 | ér | 却,然而 |
| 不 | bù | 不 |
| 有 | yǒu | 有,占有 |
| 为 | wéi | 做,作为 |
| 恃 | shì | 依仗,自恃 |
| 长 | zhǎng | 养育,为首 |
| 宰 | zǎi | 主宰 |
| 是 | shì | 这 |
| 谓 | wèi | 称为,叫做 |
| 德 | dé | 道在万物与人身上的体现 |
英译对照:理雅各(1891)
When the intelligent and animal souls are held together in one embrace, they can be kept from separating. When one gives undivided attention to the (vital) breath, and brings it to the utmost degree of pliancy, he can become as a (tender) babe. When he has cleansed away the most mysterious sights (of his imagination), he can become without a flaw.
In loving the people and ruling the state, cannot he proceed without any (purpose of) action? In the opening and shutting of his gates of heaven, cannot he do so as a female bird? While his intelligence reaches in every direction, cannot he (appear to) be without knowledge?
(The Tao) produces (all things) and nourishes them; it produces them and does not claim them as its own; it does all, and yet does not boast of it; it presides over all, and yet does not control them. This is what is called 'The mysterious Quality' (of the Tao).
公有领域。来源:Wikisource。
第十章解读
第十章由六个问句组成,每一句都问人能否做到一件难事:载营魄而抱一,能否不分离;专守精气以致柔和,能否像婴儿一样;洗净内心的玄览,能否没有瑕疵;爱民治国,能否不用机巧;天门开合之间,能否守雌;明白通达四方,能否无为。
这些问句从个人转到国家,又转回个人,仿佛修身与治国本是一回事。最后几句讲的是“玄德”:生养万物而不占有,有所作为而不自恃,作为长者而不主宰。
本章有几处难解。“营魄”依河上公解为魂魄。第十句本站诵读的文本作“能无雌乎”,字面是“能没有雌吗”;王弼本与帛书本、河上公本都作“能为雌乎”,王弼注说“雌应而不倡”,即柔顺而不先唱,本站从王弼。结尾几句与第二章相同,婴儿的意象又见于第五十五章。