第四十一章 道德经 · Dào Dé Jīng
不同的人听闻道时反应各异;道的最高品质往往看似其反面。
原文
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上士闻道,
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勤而行之;
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中士闻道,
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若存若亡;
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下士闻道,大笑之。
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不笑不足以为道。
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故建言有之:
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明道若昧,进道若退,
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夷道若颣,上德若谷,
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大白若辱,广德若不足,
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建德若偷,
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质真若渝,
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大方无隅,大器晚成,
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大音希声,大象无形,
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道隐无名。
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夫唯道,善贷且成。
本章字词
| 字词 | 拼音 | 释义 |
|---|---|---|
| 上 | shàng | 最高的 |
| 士 | shì | 士人 |
| 闻 | wén | 听见 |
| 道 | dào | 宇宙万物的本原与规律 |
| 勤 | qín | 勤勉 |
| 而 | ér | 并且;而后 |
| 行 | xíng | 施行,实行 |
| 之 | zhī | 它;他们(作宾语) |
| 中 | zhōng | 中正,虚静 |
| 若 | ruò | 像,好像 |
| 存 | cún | 存在,保存 |
| 亡 | wáng | 丧失 |
| 下 | xià | 低,下面 |
| 大 | dà | 大,伟大 |
| 笑 | xiào | 嘲笑 |
| 不 | bù | 不 |
| 足 | zú | 足够 |
| 以 | yǐ | 用来;以便 |
| 为 | wéi | 是;作为;成为 |
| 故 | gù | 所以,因此 |
| 建言 | jiàn yán | 立言,古人的成语 |
| 有 | yǒu | 有,占有 |
| 明 | míng | 明智,明白 |
| 昧 | mèi | 昏暗 |
| 进 | jìn | 前进 |
| 退 | tuì | 引退 |
| 夷 | yí | 平坦 |
| 颣 | lèi | 不平,丝上的疙瘩 |
| 德 | dé | 道在万物与人身上的体现 |
| 谷 | gǔ | 山谷 |
| 白 | bái | 白,明亮 |
| 辱 | rǔ | 污黑,通“黩” |
| 广 | guǎng | 广大 |
| 建 | jiàn | 刚健 |
| 偷 | tōu | 怠惰,苟且 |
| 质 | zhì | 质朴的本性 |
| 真 | zhēn | 真实 |
| 渝 | yú | 改变 |
| 方 | fāng | 方形 |
| 无 | wú | 没有 |
| 隅 | yú | 角落 |
| 器 | qì | 器具 |
| 晚 | wǎn | 晚 |
| 成 | chéng | 完成,成就 |
| 音 | yīn | 乐音 |
| 希 | xī | 无声;稀少 |
| 声 | shēng | 声响 |
| 象 | xiàng | 形象 |
| 形 | xíng | 形状 |
| 隐 | yǐn | 隐藏 |
| 无名 | wú míng | 没有名称,指道的本始状态 |
| 夫唯 | fú wéi | 正因为 |
| 善 | shàn | 善于,擅长 |
| 贷 | dài | 施予,给予 |
| 且 | qiě | 并且 |
英译对照:理雅各(1891)
Scholars of the highest class, when they hear about the Tao, earnestly carry it into practice. Scholars of the middle class, when they have heard about it, seem now to keep it and now to lose it. Scholars of the lowest class, when they have heard about it, laugh greatly at it. If it were not (thus) laughed at, it would not be fit to be the Tao.
Therefore the sentence-makers have thus expressed themselves:--
'The Tao, when brightest seen, seems light to lack;
Who progress in it makes, seems drawing back;
Its even way is like a rugged track.
Its highest virtue from the vale doth rise;
Its greatest beauty seems to offend the eyes;
And he has most whose lot the least supplies.
Its firmest virtue seems but poor and low;
Its solid truth seems change to undergo;
Its largest square doth yet no corner show
A vessel great, it is the slowest made;
Loud is its sound, but never word it said;
A semblance great, the shadow of a shade.'
The Tao is hidden, and has no name; but it is the Tao which is skilful at imparting (to all things what they need) and making them complete.
公有领域。来源:Wikisource。
第四十一章解读
本章描写人们听到道时的不同反应,并列出一串格言:道最高的品质,看起来都像它们的反面。
开头是三种“士”:上士闻道,勤而行之;中士闻道,若存若亡;下士闻道,大笑之。本章接着说:“不笑不足以为道。”嘲笑本身成了一种标志:道看起来并不像人们所期待的样子。
随后引用的“建言”逐句说明同一个道理:明道若昧,上德若谷,大白若辱,大方无隅,大音希声,大象无形。“大器晚成”一句,马王堆帛书本作“大器免成”,有人据此理解为大器无所谓完成;本站依王弼本作“晚”,即晚成。第四十五章延续了这一串格言;结句“夫唯道,善贷且成”,可与第五十一章的“道生之,德畜之”参看。