第八十章 Dao De Jing · Chapter 80
A small, simple state where people are content and have no need to go elsewhere.
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小国寡民,使有什伯之器而不用,
A small state with few people: let them have tools for ten or a hundred, and not use them;
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使民重死而不远徙。
let the people take death seriously and not travel far.
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虽有舟舆,无所乘之;
Though they have boats and carts, they have no need to ride them;
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虽有甲兵,无所陈之。
though they have armor and weapons, they have no need to display them.
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使人复结绳而用之,
Let people go back to knotting cords to keep records,
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甘其食,美其服,
find their food sweet, their clothes beautiful,
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安其居,
their homes peaceful,
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乐其俗。
and delight in their customs.
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邻国相望,鸡犬之声相闻,
Neighboring states can see each other, and hear each other's cocks and dogs,
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民至老死,不相往来。
yet the people grow old and die without ever visiting each other.
Words in this chapter
| Word | Pinyin | Meaning |
|---|---|---|
| 小 | xiǎo | small |
| 国 | guó | the state |
| 寡 | guǎ | few, to lessen |
| 民 | mín | the people |
| 使 | shǐ | to make, to cause |
| 有 | yǒu | to have, to possess |
| 什 | shí | ten (as 十) |
| 伯 | bǎi | a hundred (as 佰) |
| 之 | zhī | of, 's (linking particle) |
| 器 | qì | vessel, tool, instrument |
| 而 | ér | and yet, but |
| 不 | bù | not |
| 用 | yòng | to use |
| 重 | zhòng | to take seriously |
| 死 | sǐ | to die |
| 远 | yuǎn | far, distant |
| 徙 | xǐ | to move away |
| 虽 | suī | although, even if |
| 舟 | zhōu | boats |
| 舆 | yú | carriage |
| 无 | wú | not have, without, no |
| 所 | suǒ | that which, what |
| 乘 | chéng | to ride |
| 之 | zhī | it, them (object) |
| 甲 | jiǎ | armor |
| 兵 | bīng | arms, troops |
| 陈 | chén | to display, to deploy |
| 人 | rén | people, others |
| 复 | fù | to return, to bring back |
| 结 | jié | to tie |
| 绳 | shéng | rope, cord |
| 而 | ér | and, and then |
| 甘 | gān | sweet |
| 其 | qí | its, his, their |
| 食 | shí | food, to feed on |
| 美 | měi | beautiful, beauty |
| 服 | fú | clothes |
| 安 | ān | calm, at rest |
| 居 | jū | to dwell (in), claim |
| 乐 | lè | glad; to delight in |
| 俗 | sú | customs |
| 邻 | lín | neighbors |
| 相 | xiāng | each other |
| 望 | wàng | to see across |
| 鸡 | jī | cocks, chickens |
| 犬 | quǎn | dogs |
| 声 | shēng | sound, voice |
| 闻 | wén | to hear |
| 至 | zhì | to arrive at |
| 老 | lǎo | to age, to wither |
| 往 | wǎng | to go, to come |
| 来 | lái | to come |
Compare: James Legge (1891)
In a little state with a small population, I would so order it, that, though there were individuals with the abilities of ten or a hundred men, there should be no employment of them; I would make the people, while looking on death as a grievous thing, yet not remove elsewhere (to avoid it).
Though they had boats and carriages, they should have no occasion to ride in them; though they had buff coats and sharp weapons, they should have no occasion to don or use them.
I would make the people return to the use of knotted cords (instead of the written characters).
They should think their (coarse) food sweet; their (plain) clothes beautiful; their (poor) dwellings places of rest; and their common (simple) ways sources of enjoyment.
There should be a neighbouring state within sight, and the voices of the fowls and dogs should be heard all the way from it to us, but I would make the people to old age, even to death, not have any intercourse with it.
Public domain. Source: Wikisource.
Meaning of chapter 80
Chapter 80 pictures an ideal community: a small state with few people (小国寡民). They have tools that do the work of ten or a hundred, but do not use them; they take death seriously and do not move far away. Boats and carts, armor and weapons exist, but nothing calls for them.
The people go back to knotting cords to keep records, a practice that tradition places before writing. They find their food sweet and their clothes beautiful, are at peace in their homes and delight in their customs. The neighboring state is so close that its cocks and dogs can be heard, yet the people grow old and die without ever visiting it.
Readers have long disagreed about how literally to take the chapter, as a plan of government or as a picture of contentment. 什伯之器 in line 1 is read here as tools for ten or a hundred people; others take 什伯 as squads of soldiers. Chapters 3, 19 and 57 make the case for simplicity in other words, and chapter 46 says that no disaster is greater than not knowing contentment.