第八十章 Dao De Jing · Chapter 80

A small, simple state where people are content and have no need to go elsewhere.

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  1. 小xiǎo国guó寡guǎ民mín,使shǐ有yǒu什shí伯bǎi之zhī器qì而ér不bù用yòng,

    A small state with few people: let them have tools for ten or a hundred, and not use them;

  2. 使shǐ民mín重zhòng死sǐ而ér不bù远yuǎn徙xǐ。

    let the people take death seriously and not travel far.

  3. 虽suī有yǒu舟zhōu舆yú,无wú所suǒ乘chéng之zhī;

    Though they have boats and carts, they have no need to ride them;

  4. 虽suī有yǒu甲jiǎ兵bīng,无wú所suǒ陈chén之zhī。

    though they have armor and weapons, they have no need to display them.

  5. 使shǐ人rén复fù结jié绳shéng而ér用yòng之zhī,

    Let people go back to knotting cords to keep records,

  6. 甘gān其qí食shí,美měi其qí服fú,

    find their food sweet, their clothes beautiful,

  7. 安ān其qí居jū,

    their homes peaceful,

  8. 乐lè其qí俗sú。

    and delight in their customs.

  9. 邻lín国guó相xiāng望wàng,鸡jī犬quǎn之zhī声shēng相xiāng闻wén,

    Neighboring states can see each other, and hear each other's cocks and dogs,

  10. 民mín至zhì老lǎo死sǐ,不bù相xiāng往wǎng来lái。

    yet the people grow old and die without ever visiting each other.

Words in this chapter
Words in chapter 80, with pinyin and meaning
WordPinyinMeaning
小xiǎosmall
国guóthe state
寡guǎfew, to lessen
民mínthe people
使shǐto make, to cause
有yǒuto have, to possess
什shíten (as 十)
伯bǎia hundred (as 佰)
之zhīof, 's (linking particle)
器qìvessel, tool, instrument
而érand yet, but
不bùnot
用yòngto use
重zhòngto take seriously
死sǐto die
远yuǎnfar, distant
徙xǐto move away
虽suīalthough, even if
舟zhōuboats
舆yúcarriage
无wúnot have, without, no
所suǒthat which, what
乘chéngto ride
之zhīit, them (object)
甲jiǎarmor
兵bīngarms, troops
陈chénto display, to deploy
人rénpeople, others
复fùto return, to bring back
结jiéto tie
绳shéngrope, cord
而érand, and then
甘gānsweet
其qíits, his, their
食shífood, to feed on
美měibeautiful, beauty
服fúclothes
安āncalm, at rest
居jūto dwell (in), claim
乐lèglad; to delight in
俗súcustoms
邻línneighbors
相xiāngeach other
望wàngto see across
鸡jīcocks, chickens
犬quǎndogs
声shēngsound, voice
闻wénto hear
至zhìto arrive at
老lǎoto age, to wither
往wǎngto go, to come
来láito come
Compare: James Legge (1891)

In a little state with a small population, I would so order it, that, though there were individuals with the abilities of ten or a hundred men, there should be no employment of them; I would make the people, while looking on death as a grievous thing, yet not remove elsewhere (to avoid it).

Though they had boats and carriages, they should have no occasion to ride in them; though they had buff coats and sharp weapons, they should have no occasion to don or use them.

I would make the people return to the use of knotted cords (instead of the written characters).

They should think their (coarse) food sweet; their (plain) clothes beautiful; their (poor) dwellings places of rest; and their common (simple) ways sources of enjoyment.

There should be a neighbouring state within sight, and the voices of the fowls and dogs should be heard all the way from it to us, but I would make the people to old age, even to death, not have any intercourse with it.

Public domain. Source: Wikisource.

Meaning of chapter 80

Chapter 80 pictures an ideal community: a small state with few people (小国寡民). They have tools that do the work of ten or a hundred, but do not use them; they take death seriously and do not move far away. Boats and carts, armor and weapons exist, but nothing calls for them.

The people go back to knotting cords to keep records, a practice that tradition places before writing. They find their food sweet and their clothes beautiful, are at peace in their homes and delight in their customs. The neighboring state is so close that its cocks and dogs can be heard, yet the people grow old and die without ever visiting it.

Readers have long disagreed about how literally to take the chapter, as a plan of government or as a picture of contentment. 什伯之器 in line 1 is read here as tools for ten or a hundred people; others take 什伯 as squads of soldiers. Chapters 3, 19 and 57 make the case for simplicity in other words, and chapter 46 says that no disaster is greater than not knowing contentment.

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